Zarqa

The history of Zarqa, Jordan's second-largest city, is relatively short but deeply intertwined with key regional events of the early 20th century. While the site has been inhabited since ancient times, its modern character and significance were shaped by settlers and strategic Ottoman Empire projects.

The modern history of Zarqa began in 1902. The city was founded by Chechen settlers who arrived in the region following historical shifts in the Caucasus. These families, known as Muhajirs, were granted permission by Ottoman authorities to settle in the area. The first homes were built of mud-brick, similar to those in the settlers' ancestral homeland, and were located near the Zarqa River, which gave the city its name.

Several factors contributed to the rapid growth of the small settlement:

• The Hijaz Railway: One of the main drivers of Zarqa's development was the construction of the Hijaz Railway, connecting Damascus to Medina. The station built near the settlement turned Zarqa into a vital transport hub, providing jobs and stimulating trade.
• Geographic Location: Its position along the Zarqa River in a relatively fertile area, combined with its proximity to Amman (about 20 km away), created favorable conditions for living and agriculture.
• Strategic Role: Ottoman authorities were interested in populating these areas to protect the strategically important railway. Consequently, the settlers also played a role in maintaining the security of the route.

From the beginning, Zarqa grew as a center for the Chechen community in Jordan. In 1904, the settlers built the first mosque, known today as the Chechen Mosque. The early economy of Zarqa centered on agriculture and railway services. Gradually, as the population grew and the city maintained its status as a transport hub, it began to attract other groups, laying the groundwork for its future as a major national industrial center. The city officially received municipal status in 1928, a major milestone in its administrative development.

Key dates in the history of Zarqa

• 1902 — Foundation of the modern city by Chechen settlers who arrived from the Caucasus.
• 1903 — Construction of the Hijaz Railway station, connecting Damascus and Medina and turning Zarqa into a major transportation hub.
• 1926 — Zarqa becomes the headquarters for the Transjordan Frontier Force, laying the foundation for its status as the country's primary military center.
• 1928 — The settlement receives official municipal status, marking its administrative development.
• 1948 — Following the events of 1948, the city sees its first major influx of new residents, leading to significant population growth.
• 1961 — Completion of the Jordan Petroleum Refinery near the city, marking the beginning of Zarqa's transformation into an industrial hub.
• 1967 — A second wave of residents arrives in the city following the regional events of 1967, further increasing the population.
• 1980s — Zarqa firmly establishes itself as the industrial capital of Jordan, housing over 50% of the country's manufacturing enterprises.
• 1994 — Founding of two major higher education institutions—the private Zarqa University and the public Hashemite University—turning the city into an important educational center.

The history of Zarqa, Jordan's second-largest city, is relatively short but packed with events that shaped its current identity as an important industrial and military hub. The city's growth is closely linked to key migration patterns and major 20th-century infrastructure projects.

Key milestones in Zarqa's history:

• City Foundation (1902): The city's modern history began in 1902, when a settlement was established on the banks of the Zarqa River by Chechen immigrants. These settlers received permission from Ottoman authorities to establish a home here, marking the starting point for the city’s cultural and demographic development.
• Construction of the Hijaz Railway (Early 20th Century): The railway line connecting Damascus with Medina provided a massive boost to Zarqa's growth. The station built near the new settlement turned it into a vital transportation hub, encouraging trade and population growth.
• Formation as a Military Center (1920s): Following the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan, the main forces of the Arab Legion—the country's regular army—were stationed in Zarqa. This cemented the city's status as a major military hub, a role it maintains today.
• Population Growth Post-1948: Following the events of 1948 and subsequent regional developments, a significant number of people arrived in the city. This led to rapid demographic growth, urban expansion, and the development of new residential areas.
• Industrialization (Mid-20th Century): Zarqa became the industrial heart of Jordan. Major national enterprises were built here, including the country's only oil refinery, defining the city's economic specialization. Its proximity to the capital, Amman, and more affordable land prices led to the concentration of about 50% of the country’s industrial capacity here.
• Educational Hub (1995): With the founding of the Hashemite University in 1995, the city also gained status as an important educational center, attracting students from across the country.

The architectural character of Zarqa reflects its history as a relatively new industrial and transportation hub in Jordan. Unlike ancient cities, you won't find monuments from antiquity or the Middle Ages here. The urban landscape began to take shape in the 20th century, driven primarily by functional needs.

The foundation of the architectural landscape consists of buildings constructed during the rapid industrialization and population growth of the mid-20th century. This period is characterized by a utilitarian approach: simple and practical residential buildings, industrial complexes, and administrative offices. Urban planning developed around key infrastructure, such as the railway station and industrial zones, giving the city a pragmatic rather than ornamental character.

In modern Zarqa, new architectural highlights are emerging, particularly in commercial real estate. Modern shopping centers, such as Souq Bab Al Madina and the Mohammad Al-Muqadda Mall, add variety to the cityscape, offering residents contemporary public spaces. New residential quarters are also being built, shaping a fresh, more modern image for this industrial center.

Notable personalities associated with Zarqa

Despite its relatively short history, Zarqa has been the birthplace or a significant chapter in the lives of several prominent figures in Jordan and the wider Arab world. The city has left its mark on individuals who have excelled in law, sports, literature, and the arts.

• Taghreed Hikmat — Lawyer and Judge. Born in Zarqa in 1945, she made history as Jordan's first female judge (1998). She later served on the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, contributing significantly to international justice.
• Saleh Al-Sharabaty — Taekwondo athlete. Born in Zarqa in 1998, he is one of Jordan's most decorated athletes. His primary achievement is a silver medal at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, marking the country's second-ever Olympic success.
• Samih al-Qasim — Poet and journalist. Born in Zarqa in 1939, he is considered one of the greatest Arab poets of the 20th century and a key figure in "resistance poetry." His work, which explores themes of identity and connection to the land, is widely acclaimed across the Arab world.
• Saeed Murad — Composer and musician. Founder of the influential Jordanian rock band Jadal. His work has greatly impacted the modern Arab music scene, blending Western rock elements with Middle Eastern motifs.
• Youssef Absi — Religious leader. The current Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. Although born in Damascus, he was ordained as a priest in Zarqa in 1973, beginning his journey in the church hierarchy.