Dewas

The city of Dewas has a unique history closely linked to the era of Maratha rule and their influence in the Malwa region. Its emergence was the result of political decisions and its geographical position.

Founding and Early Mentions

The history of Dewas as a city begins in the first half of the 18th century, specifically in 1728. It was founded by two brothers, Tukoji Rao and Jivaji Rao, from the Puar Maratha clan. They arrived in the Malwa lands with the army of Peshwa Baji Rao I. The brothers divided the conquered territories between them, giving rise to two princely states—the Senior and Junior branches of Dewas—which were ruled by their descendants.

Key Factors in its Development

The city's growth was shaped by several key features:

• Political Duality: Dewas was the capital of two separate principalities simultaneously. This unusual structure lasted for centuries: even the city's main street was divided, with each side having its own administration and utility systems, such as water supply and lighting.
• Strategic Position: Its location on the Malwa plateau made the city an important point during the Maratha expansion into Central India.
• British Protectorate: In 1818, both Dewas states came under the British protectorate, which solidified their status and ensured stability during the colonial era.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

The early history of Dewas was marked by the dominance of Maratha culture, brought by the ruling Puar dynasty. According to one version, the city's name is derived from the temple of the goddess Chamunda located on a hilltop, highlighting the religious significance of the area. The economy was likely based on agriculture, typical for the Malwa region, and taxes from controlled territories. The unique dual administration created an unusual administrative and social landscape, where two courts coexisted in one city, undoubtedly influencing its cultural and social life.

Key Milestones in the History of Dewas

The history of Dewas is a unique example of dual rule and a gradual transformation from a princely capital to a modern industrial center. Below are the main events that shaped the city's identity.

• 1728 — The city is founded by brothers Tukoji Rao and Jivaji Rao of the Puar Maratha clan, who divided the territory to establish two principalities: the Dewas Senior and Dewas Junior branches.
• 1818 — Both Dewas states accept the British protectorate, becoming part of the Central India Agency.
• 1841 — The principalities begin to be governed as completely independent administrative units, though they continue to share a single capital.
• 1857 — Local ruler Thakur Daulat Singh of Raghogarh (Dewas) participates in the rebellion against British rule.
• 1918 — The rulers of both branches of Dewas receive the title of "Maharaja" from the British Crown.
• June 15, 1948 — The Maharajas of both states sign the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union.
• June 16, 1948 — The principalities officially become part of the Madhya Bharat union of states.
• November 1, 1956 — Following the reorganization of states on a linguistic basis, Madhya Bharat merges with other territories to form the modern state of Madhya Pradesh, which includes Dewas.
• 1970s–1980s — A period of rapid industrialization begins in the city, with large industrial enterprises appearing, defining its modern economic profile.
• 1974 — The government-run Bank Note Press opens in Dewas, specializing in the printing of currency, strengthening its status as an important industrial center for the country.

Major Milestones: From Princely State to Industrial Hub

The history of Dewas is a vivid example of transformation from a unique dual capital into a modern economic hub. Key developments have shaped its current appearance and role in the region.

• End of Dual Rule (1948): With its accession to independent India, a more than 200-year era during which the city was divided between two princely branches came to an end. This was a crucial urban and administrative event, unifying the city's infrastructure and management, which laid the foundation for centralized planning and future growth.
• Industrial Leap (1970s–1980s): This period marked a fundamental shift in the economy of Dewas. The city began to actively develop as an industrial center, attracting major companies. Foundations were laid for industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, and engineering, turning the former princely capital into an important manufacturing hub.
• Opening of the Bank Note Press (1974): The establishment of the state-owned banknote printing press was a landmark event that strengthened the status of Dewas on the national stage. It not only provided thousands of jobs but also confirmed the high level of trust in the city's industrial infrastructure.
• Becoming the "Soybean Capital of India": Dewas took a key position in the country's agro-industrial sector, becoming one of the largest centers for soybean processing. This status highlights its economic specialization and close connection with the Malwa agricultural region.
• Solving the Water Supply Issue (2010s): Rapid industrialization led to a water shortage that threatened the city's economic future. The successful implementation of large-scale projects, including the connection of the Narmada and Kshipra rivers, allowed industry to revive and gave a new impetus to development.
• Modern Diversification (2020s): Today, Dewas continues to evolve, implementing ambitious projects to expand industrial zones and modernize urban infrastructure, including the construction of new roads and a "super corridor." The city is diversifying its economy, attracting investment and strengthening its image as a modern and promising center in Madhya Pradesh.

The architectural and urban development of Dewas reflects its unique history: from the dual capital of Maratha principalities to a modern industrial center. While the city's landscape does not feature classic European styles like Gothic or Renaissance, it showcases expressive examples of regional Indian architecture from various eras.

The Maratha Period (18th–19th centuries)

The city's founding in the 18th century defined its initial architectural character. This period is characterized by Maratha architecture, which blended elements of Mughal and Rajput design. Key features included internal courtyards, carved balconies (jharokhas), arches, and massive fortifications. The urban planning was unique: the city was divided into two administrative parts belonging to different ruling branches of the Puar dynasty. Iconic buildings of this era include the former princely palaces (such as Anand Bhawan Palace) and ancient temples like the Kedareshwar Temple, which formed the historical core of Dewas.

Transition and Colonial Period (mid-19th – mid-20th centuries)

With the establishment of the British protectorate, new features began to appear in the architecture of Dewas. Although direct British influence was limited—since the city remained the capital of princely states—this period saw the construction of buildings that combined European functionality with traditional Indian decorative elements. These were mainly administrative buildings and residences that did not follow a strict colonial style but rather adapted it to local tastes.

Industrial and Modern Era (1970s to present)

The most significant changes in the urban planning of Dewas occurred in the second half of the 20th century with the onset of industrialization. The architecture of this period is predominantly functional and utilitarian. Large industrial complexes, standard residential areas for workers, and infrastructure projects began to define the city's appearance. A striking example of monumental industrial architecture from that time is the Bank Note Press complex (1974), a government facility for printing banknotes. Modern development focuses on expanding industrial zones and modernizing transport arteries, emphasizing its status as an important economic center of Madhya Pradesh.

Notable Personalities Associated with Dewas

Despite its modest size, the city of Dewas has left a significant mark on the history and culture of India and the world, thanks to the people whose lives were connected with it. From rulers and politicians to figures in the arts, here are some of the key figures.

• Tukoji Rao III Puar — Maharaja of Dewas (Senior Branch). A ruler in the early 20th century known for his progressive thinking and interest in the Western world. It was he who invited the English writer E. M. Forster to serve as his private secretary. His court and personality became one of the prototypes for the description of the Indian aristocracy in Forster's famous novel.
• E. M. Forster — English novelist. Although not a native of Dewas, his stay here in 1921 had a huge impact on world literature. His experience as the Maharaja's private secretary formed the basis of his non-fiction book "The Hill of Devi" and largely inspired his most famous novel, "A Passage to India."
• Kailash Chandra Joshi — Political figure, 9th Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh. Born in the Dewas district, where he also received his education. He was a prominent politician who rose from being a member of the legislative assembly to the head of the state in 1977–1978. Joshi made a significant contribution to the region's development and remained an influential figure in Indian politics for decades.
• Prabhash Joshi — Distinguished journalist and writer. A native of Ashta village near Dewas, he became one of the most respected voices in Indian journalism. Prabhash Joshi was the founder and editor-in-chief of the influential newspaper "Jansatta" and was famous for his deep analysis of the country's political and social processes.
• Vimla Sharma — Social activist and wife of the 9th President of India, Shankar Dayal Sharma. Although she gained fame as the country's First Lady (1992–1997), her roots were in Dewas. She was actively involved in social work, focusing specifically on women's education and healthcare issues.
• Tejsingh Sendhav — Indian freedom fighter. He was an active participant in the national liberation movement against British rule in the Malwa region. His activities and sacrifice are an important part of the local history of the struggle for independence.